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# PPD-H1Improves Stress Resistance and Energy Metabolism to Boost Spike Fertility under High Ambient Temperatures
### Description
High ambient temperature (HT) impairs reproductive development and grain yield in temperate crops. To ensure reproductive success under HT, plants must maintain developmental stability. However, the mechanisms integrating plant development and temperature resilience are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PHOTOPERIOD 1 (PPD-H1), homologous to PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR genes of the Arabidopsis circadian clock, controls developmental stability in response to HT in barley. We analyzed HT responses in independent introgression lines with either the ancestral wild-type Ppd-H1 allele or the natural ppd-h1 variant, selected in spring varieties to delay flowering and enhance yield under favourable conditions. HT delayed inflorescence development and reduced grain number in ppd-h1 mutant lines, while the wild-type Ppd-H1 genotypes accelerated reproductive development and showed a stable grain set under HT. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-induced ppd-h1 mutant, we confirmed that the CCT domain of Ppd-H1 controls developmental stability, but not clock gene expression. Transcriptome and phytohormone analyses in developing leaves and inflorescences revealed increased stress gene expression and abscisic acid levels in the leaf and inflorescence of the natural and induced mutant ppd-h1 lines. Furthermore, the mutant ppd-h1 lines downregulated photosynthesis-and energy metabolism-related genes, and reduced auxin and cytokinin levels in the inflorescence, which impaired anther and pollen development. By contrast, in the wild-type Ppd-H1 plants, the transcriptome and phytohormone levels and anther and pollen development remained stable under HT. Our findings suggest that Ppd-H1 enhances stress resistance and energy metabolism, thereby stabilizing reproductive development, floret fertility and grain set under HT.
## Table of Contents
1. Studies
- [plant-samples](#study--plant-samples)
2. Assays
- [Salmon_quantification](#assay--salmon_quantification)
- [RNAseq_raw_data](#assay--rnaseq_raw_data)
- [FASTQC](#assay--fastqc)
## Relationships between Assays and Studies
```mermaid
---
title: Effects_of_Ppd-H1_and_High_Ambient_Temperatures_in_Barley
---
flowchart TD
classDef investigationStyle fill:#6c7885,color:#2d3e50,fontWeight:bold;
classDef studyStyle fill:#62d4c1,color:#2d3e50,fontWeight:bold;
classDef assayStyle fill:#ffd34d,color:#2d3e50,fontWeight:bold;
classDef processStyle fill:#D46275,color:#2d3e50;
id_0["PPD-H1Improves Stress Resistance and Energy Metabolism to Boost Spike Fertility under High Ambient Temperatures"]
class id_0 investigationStyle;
id_0-->STUDY_id_1
class STUDY_id_1 studyStyle;
subgraph STUDY_id_1[Study: plant-samples]
id_2[plant-characteristics]
class id_2 processStyle;
end
subgraph ASSAY_id_3[Assay: Salmon_quantification]
id_4[salmon]
class id_4 processStyle;
end
class ASSAY_id_3 assayStyle;
subgraph ASSAY_id_5[Assay: RNAseq_analysis_of_MSA]
end
class ASSAY_id_5 assayStyle;
subgraph ASSAY_id_6[Assay: RNAseq_raw_data]
id_7[illumina]
class id_7 processStyle;
end
class ASSAY_id_6 assayStyle;
subgraph ASSAY_id_8[Assay: RNAseq_analysis_of_leaf]
end
class ASSAY_id_8 assayStyle;
subgraph ASSAY_id_9[Assay: FASTQC]
id_4[salmon]
class id_4 processStyle;
end
class ASSAY_id_9 assayStyle;
id_2-->|188|id_7
id_7-->|382|id_4
```
### Additional details
| Meta Data | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| Submission Date | tba |
| Public Release Date | tba |
| Study identifiers | plant-samples |
| Study Count | 1 |
| Assay identifiers | Salmon_quantification , RNAseq_analysis_of_MSA , RNAseq_raw_data , RNAseq_analysis_of_leaf , FASTQC |
| Assay Count | 5 |
## Contacts
| Names | Email | Address | Affiliation | ORCID |
| ----- | ----- | ------- | ----------- | ----- |
| Tianyu Lan | tianyu.lan@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Agatha Walla | Walla@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Kumsal Ecem Çolpan Karışan | kumsal.colpan@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Gabriele Buchmann | gabriele.buchmann@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Vera Wewer | vwewer@uni-koeln.de | | CEPLAS Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Facility, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Sabine Metzger | s.metzgar@uni-koeln.de | | CEPLAS Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Facility, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Isaia Vardanega | isaia.vardanega@hhu.de | | Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Einar Baldvin Haraldsson | einar.haraldsson@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Gesa Helmsorig | gesa.helmsorig@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Venkatasubbu Thirulogachandar | thirulogachandar.venkatasubbu@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Rüdiger Simon | ruediger.simon@hhu.de | | Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
| Maria von Korff | maria.korff.schmissing@hhu.de | | Institute of Plant Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “SMART Plants for Tomorrow’s Needs”, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany | |
## Study: _plant-samples_
### Description
tba
### Additional details
| Meta Data | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| Table Count | 1 |
| Table Names | plant-characteristics |
| Sample Count | 188 |
| Data File Count | 0 |
| Associated assays | RNAseq_raw_data |
| Biological replicates | 0 |
### Annotation headers
**Characteristics**: [organism](https://bioregistry.io/OBI:0100026),[genotype](https://bioregistry.io/EFO:0000513),[biological replicate](https://bioregistry.io/EFO:0002091),[plant structure](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/po/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FPO_0009011)
**Factors**: `temperature treatment`,`waddington stage`
## Assay: _Salmon_quantification_
### Additional details
| Meta Data | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| Table Count | 1 |
| Table Names | NewTable0 |
| Sample Count | 388 |
| Data File Count | 388 |
| Associated studies | |
### Annotation headers
## Assay: _RNAseq_raw_data_
### Additional details
| Meta Data | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| Measurement Type | RNA-Seq |
| Technology Type | Illumina NovaSeq 6000 |
| Table Count | 1 |
| Table Names | illumina |
| Sample Count | 388 |
| Data File Count | 388 |
| Associated studies | plant-samples |
### Annotation headers
**Parameters**: [library strategy](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000035),[library preparation kit](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0000085),[library preparation kit version](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0000149),[adapter sequence](http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GENEPIO_0000083),[next generation sequencing instrument model](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000040),[base-calling software](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000017),[base-calling software version](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000018),[base-calling software parameters](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000019),[Raw data file format](http://purl.org/nfdi4plants/ontology/dpbo/DPBO_0000021)
## Assay: _FASTQC_
### Additional details
| Meta Data | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| Technology Type | FASTQC |
| Table Count | 1 |
| Table Names | NewTable0 |
| Sample Count | 840 |
| Data File Count | 0 |
| Associated studies | |
### Annotation headers
**Characteristics**: [Format](https://bioregistry.io/NCIT:C42761)
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