Over the course of the growing season, plots were regularly inspected and phenology was determined visually according to the extended BBCH scale (Sosa-Zúñiga et al. 2017)
Over the course of the growing season, plots were regularly inspected and phenology was determined visually according to the extended BBCH scale [1].
Reference
Sosa-Zuniga, V.; Brito, V.; Fuentes, F.; Steinfort, U. Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale. Ann Appl Biol 2017, 171, 117-124. DOI: 10.1111/aab.12358
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BBCH table: from Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) based on the BBCH scale. DOI: 10.1111/aab.12358
| BBCH Code (two digit) | Description |
| ------ | ------ |
|Principal growth stage 0: germination |
| 00 | Dry seed |
| 01| Initiation of seed imbibition |
|03 | Seed imbibition completed
|05 |Radicle emergence from seed|
|07 |Emergence of hypocotyl |
|08 | Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing towards soil surface||09 | Emergence of cotyledons through soil|
| Principal growth stage 1: leaf development|
|10 | Cotyledons fully emerged|
|11 | First pair of leaves visible|
|12 | Second pair of leaves visible|
|1. | Coding continues with the same scheme|
|19 | Nine pair of leaves visible. If required, coding can continue following the same scheme.|
|Principal growth stage 2: formation of side shoots|
|20 | Visible lateral buds or expanded leaves without lateral stems|
|21 | One side shoot visible|
|22 | Two side shoots visible|
|2. | Coding continues with the same scheme|
|29 | Nine side shoots visible. If required, coding can continue following the same scheme.|
|50 | Inflorescence present but still enclosed by leaves|
|51 | Leaves surrounding inflorescence separated, inflorescence is visible from above|
|59 | Inflorescence visible, but all the flowers are still closed|
|Principal growth stage 6: flowering|
|60 | Beginning of anthesis: main inflorescence flowers with first extruded anthers|
|67 | Early end of anthesis: main inflorescence flowers with first senesced anthers|
|69 | Complete anthesis: main inflorescence flowers with senesced anthers|
|Principal growth stage 7: fruit development|
|70 | Fruit set: ovary thickening and first visible grains in the main stem|
|Principal growth stage 8: ripening| |
|81 | Milky grain, easily crushed with fingernails, liquid content and green pericarp|
|85 | Thick grain, easily crushed with fingernails, white pasty content, green, beige, red or black pericarp|
|89 | Ripe grain, difficult to crush with fingernails, dry content, the grain has a beige, red or black colour on its outside. Ready to harvest.|
|Principal growth stage 9: senescence| |
|91 | Only basal leaves are dry|
|93 | Leaves of the first half portion of the plant, starting from the base, are dead|
|95 | All leaves are dead; stem colour turns from yellow to brown|
|97 | Plant dead and dry|
|99 | Harvested product |
Reference:
[1] Sosa-Zuniga, V.; Brito, V.; Fuentes, F.; Steinfort, U. Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale. Ann Appl Biol 2017, 171, 117-124. DOI: 10.1111/aab.12358
